Psy 104 Final Paper Essay Example for Free

Psy 104 Final Paper Essay Classical conditioning is a developmental theory introduced by a man by the name of Ivan Pavlov. Ivan Pavlov was born on the 26th of September in 1849 in a town called Ryazan in the country of Russia. Ivan Pavlov’s father was a priest and Ivan was the oldest out of 11 children. When Ivan was seven years old he had an accident where he fell from a balcony onto his head. Because of the injuries he sustained from the fall Ivan had a hard time with academics and was kept out of school till he was eleven years old. Ivan Pavlov went to college at St. Petersburg University and was originally going to school for science but since he was bad at math he decided to go for physical science. He ended his schooling in the Academy of Medicine. Before Ivan Pavlov went on to develop his theory of classical conditioning â€Å"In 1904 he was awarded the Nobel Prize for his researches into the neural mechanism by which the secretion of gastric juices was stimulated. † (Harre, 2006) Classical Conditioning is a process of behavior modification by which a subject comes to respond in a desired manner to a previously neutral stimulus that has been repeatedly presented long with an unconditioned stimulus that elicits the desired response. Ivan Pavlov liked to test his theories out on animals mainly dogs. An explanation of his studies with dogs is â€Å"In this type of learning, a neutral stimulus is paired with a stimulus that naturally elicits a response. For instance, a lab coat would not ordinarily bring any response—it is a neutra l stimulus; food naturally elicits a salivary response. When the lab coat is paired with the food repeatedly and learning is complete, the lab coat is no longer neutral. The dog has learned to associate the lab coat with food, even when no food is present. The former neutral stimulus (lab coat) now elicits the response (salivation) even in the absence of the original stimulus (food)† (Mossler, 2011) Another example of classical conditioning is â€Å"John B. Watson and his assistant, Rosalie Raynor, invented a different version. They quickly taught an infant named Little Albert to fear a white rat by banging a loud gong just behind the tot whenever the rat appeared. After just seven gongs, Little Albert was scared to death of the same rat he had played with before the training began. His fear was so great that it generalized to other furry objects, including a Santa Claus mask. (Johnston, 1999) The Second developmental theory I will be discussing is Jean Piaget’s cognitive theory. Jean Piaget was born on the 9th of August in 1896 in Switzerland. His father was a professor of medieval literature at the University of Neuchatel. Jean Piaget was originally interested in zoology and by the age of 15 he had written several artic les on mollusks. Jean Piaget went to the same university that his father taught which was the University of Neuchatel and he also studied at the University of Zurich for a small amount of time. Jean Piaget changed his interest of oology. â€Å"Piaget’s interests turned to child cognitive development while working to standardize tests for schoolchildren. At this time, he witnessed a pattern among children’s correct and incorrect answers, leading him to develop a theory of the stages of understanding through which a child’s cognition passes. He quickly established a clinical method of study, involving not only observation but also verbal interaction with the child subjects of his research. Piaget’s writings on the subject attracted much attention initially and then fell into obscurity for many years. Upon publishing detailed analyses of his work involving his three children, his work once again received wide recognition in the field† (Edinburgh University Press, 2005) Jean Piaget’s theory was his idea that children learned through stages which each one was crucial into leading the child into the next stage of development. Jean Piaget’s theory was broken down into four stages. Those stages are sensorimotor stage, preoperational stage, concrete operations, and formal operations. Each stage is very important to the development of a child and I will explain each one. The sensorimotor stage is the first stage of Jean Piaget’s theory in which† infants gain cognitive understanding primarily through their senses and movements, which are coordinated through reflexes. † (Mossler, 2011) The second stage of Jean Piaget’s theory is the preoperational stage which lasts from ages two to seven. This is the stage where children begin to acknowledge the world through mental structures and symbols. Children learn to play make believe and learn to speak whatever language they are being taught by their parents. They use inadequate logic because at this time they can only view things with one perspective. The third stage of Jean Piaget’s theory is called concrete operations which lasts between the ages of seven and twelve. This is the stage where a child’s thought is guided by logic and they have learned to view things from multiple perspectives. The fourth and final stage is called formal operations. This stage lasts through adulthood and is the stage where children begin to learn complex forms of thought such as being able to hypothesize, think of complicated plans, and accurately predict outcomes. An example of Jean Piaget’s theory is â€Å"in order to understand behavior and outcomes, an infant may experiment by throwing food. The infant gets to understand how the explosion of food behaves as well as the potential explosion by parents. Because adolescents have more sophisticated cognition, they can understand the consequences of throwing food—both what it might look like and the reaction of others—without actually experimenting with the behavior. † (Mossler, 2011) The third and final developmental theory I will be discussing is Albert Bandura’s social-cognitive theory. Albert Bandura was born on the 4th of December in 1925 in Mundare, Alberta, Canada. Albert Bandura went to college at the University of British Columbia where he got into psychology by accident because he had no classes in the morning so he decided to take a psychology class. He got his B. A in psychology. Albert Bandura then went to get his M. A at the University of Iowa Social Cognitive theory is a theory that states that portions of an individuals knowledge acquisition can be directly related to observing others within the context of social interactions, experiences, and outside media influences. What I am trying to say is, people do not learn new behaviors solely by trying them and either succeeding or failing, but rather, the survival of humanity is dependent upon the ability of people imitating and replicating the actions of others. Depending on whether people are rewarded or punished for their behavior and the outcome of the behavior, that behavior may be imitated. An example of Albert Banduras social cognitive theory is â€Å"study influences on aggressive behavior in children, during which children were shown to imitate, without prompting or incentive, aggressive adult behavior towards a large blow-up doll (Bandura et al. 961). This raised fears that have never been resolved that children might mimic aggressive or violent behavior seen on television. † (Walker, 2007) Another example is â€Å"In his classic study using children who watched adult models punch Bobo dolls, Bandura demonstrated that humans could learn simply by observation. That is, he showed that re inforcement was not always a factor in eliciting behavior. Instead, we know that children also learn by modeling (or imitating) the behavior of others. Imitation partly explains how babies learn to smile, children learn to do cannonballs in a pool, or adults learn to behave in a new environment without being reinforced. † (Mossler, 2011) The difference between classic conditioning and the social cognitive theory is that instead of using associations, reinforcement, and punishment to make someone do something or not do something the social-cognitive theory is teaching people to do things through observation and imitation. The difference between Jean Piaget’s theory and the others that I have wrote about are the fact that he believes that things we be learned without being shown that they will eventually acquire the skills through stages. Another difference between classical conditioning and the social cognitive theory is the need for social interaction with other people. Classical conditioning does not require one human interacting or observing but the social cognitive theory requires it. There are not many similarities between classical conditioning, cognitive theory and, the social cognitive theory. The only similarity I could find is that they are all learning based. In conclusion classical conditioning, social cognitive theory and, cognitive theory are some of the most common developmental theories. Though they may not be that similar a lot of the developmental theories are sometimes ideas that branch off from other theories. I am sure fifty years from now there will be knew theories that come out that can better explain the development of humans physically, mentally and, emotionally. I say that because the social environment changes all the time with new trends and fads and acceptance of things that were once taboo. Reference Mosser, K (2011), Child and adolescent development. Bridgepoint Education, Inc BANDURAS THEORY. (2006). In Elseviers Dictionary of Psychological Theories. Retrieved from http://www. credoreference. com. proxy-library. ashford. edu/entry/estpsyctheory/bandura_s_theory JEAN PIAGET. (2005). In Key Thinkers in Linguistics and the Philosophy of Language. Retrieved from http://www. credoreference. com. proxy-library. ashford. edu/entry/edinburghthinkl/jean_piaget Walker, J, (2007) Psychology for Nurses and the Caring Professions (3rd Edition) Retrieved from

Overuse of Technology Essay -- Technology, Health Risk

Everywhere I turn, I see someone on a cell phone, either talking or texting. Every car next to me in traffic has a GPS on the dashboard, including my own. It seems that everyone needs some help from technology on a daily basis. It both surrounds and intrigues us. Technology can be helpful, fun, and entertaining. Much of technology is created to assist with making projects faster or daily tasks more efficient. However, the collaboration of technologies in our lives has a few negative effects and I think we need to scale back a bit on our use of these much adored technologies. The over-use of technology is creating an impatient society and it is also diminishing once-valued personal interaction with others. More often now days, people would rather let a machine take a message instead of answering a call; missing the opportunity to have a personal conversation. Many of us would rather have the instant gratification of watching a movie instead of reading a book or sending a text or instant message instead of meeting with a friend for coffee and conversation. Therefore, society is becoming increasingly impatient and impersonal with interactions. Those types of behaviors create lonliness in our lives despite our â€Å"constant connection† with others through things like cell phones and Facebook ®. This way of life is also more common with the younger generations within our society. For instance, my sister is eight years younger than me and we had a visit with each other about two months ago. I don’t get to see my sister often; she lives six hundred miles away. When I do get to see her, it is a short visit and I cherish the time we may get to spend together. I have not lived close to my sister in ten years. So, it is disheartening to me th... ... portable so there is no reason not to! Another health risk that technology contributes to is obesity. In the past 20 years, there has been a dramatic increase in obesity. It is not a coincidence that the increase in technology and obesity is happening at the same time. The graph shown from the February 2011 issue of Scientific American Magazine illustrates the increase in obesity from the 1970s. The obesity rate is rising right along with our use of the internet and everything else technological. I must state that I am not against technology as a whole. I love technology! I just feel that we should be aware of the different risks that every new technology comes with and avoid over-exposure. When I start my own family, I will teach my children to be friends with technology; however, they will not be so dependent on technology for entertainment or otherwise.

Speech: Teacher and South East High

South east has thought me a lot of things but I am very thankful that it gave me three great qualities that I still carry on today that are Respect, leadership, and professionalism. It has been long since I first lay my eyes on this school. I was 14 years old when I arrived in this country. I dint know what road to take, my thoughts were hey vacations since I originally lived and went to school in Guadalajara, Mexico.I decided that the best choice for me to take was to stay and achieve an education in the United States. I did not think twice after my uncles showed me South East High. I was like yea this is the place that I want to come to. I loved the way it looked, the way the people treated each other, and how friendly staff was. Once I started I found out that South East wasn't only a school it was something of another world. I had very good memories from all my teachers that I had had through all my four years on school.One of my biggest memories is the time when I first come at school, it was the first week of school and I want it to go back at home with my parents, brother, and sister because I really miss them but they told me that I have to be strong and achieve all my goals and here I am graduating me and starting a new beginning. One of the motivations that inspire me was the words that Martin Luther King said â€Å"I have a dream† so do I and it’s to become the greatest architect.My parents always told me that I can become whatever I want if I keep trying and doing the best that I can and never give up. Trough all this years on school I had learned so many good things here on South East High that my friends, teachers, counselors, and also others had teach me. They teach me to be who I am and not try to be who I am not. One of my teachers that I am really thankful is my ESL teacher that teaches me in the best way that he could.He teaches me how to write and speak this language. I want to say at all of you that I know and also at those wh o I don’t know that you have to do what you’re heart tells you and try to achieve all your goals not to do what other people wants you to do. I want to thank at all my teachers and family for all the help that they gave me. Thank you everybody for listed to me and Go Class of 2010 we did it.

Othello The Moor Of Venice Essay - 1983 Words

Othello, the Moor of Venice The story of Othello, the Moor of Venice was written by William Shakespeare. Shakespeare got the idea of Othello from a writer by the name of Giraldi Cinthio. The original story, was entitled,† Of Unfaithfulness of Husbands and Wives.† In the original story Disdemona was beaten to death with a stocking full of sand, which is quite a bit different from Shakespeare’s Othello, tragedy still befalls Desdemona. (Gioia) The story was believed to have been written in 1603-1604 and published in 1622.†¦show more content†¦Iago is eager to get back to Othello and tell him what Roderigo has done, leaving out the part where he tells Roderigo what is going on. Brabantio finds Othello and accuses him of stealing his daughter and demands he be thrown in prison. Othello explains to B rabantio that he has more urgent matters to attend at the moment, so prison will have to wait. The Duke and senators are waiting for Othello to meet with them on war matters. Brabantio thinks this is an excellent opportunity to accuse Othello of his crimes. What Brabantio does not expect is for Desdemona to be there waiting on Othello so she can go off to war with him. She confesses to her father and the Duke that she is in fact in love with the Moor. Brabantio was in shock and could not believe what his daughter was doing to him. The Duke does allow her to go, but she must be accompanied by Iago because Othello has to leave at once. Iago’s second part of the plan is put in motion when he schemes to make Othello think that Cassio and Desdemona are having an affair. He plans to take out both of his enemies at the same time with a lie. (Shakespeare, Othello, the Moor of Venice) With news that a storm has destroyed an enemy ship, Desdemona fears the worse for Othello. She fears he has died in the storm, and Cassio comes in to confirm her fears that his ship cannot be located. With fear in her mind she goes to Iago and Emilia, the wife of Iago , but does notShow MoreRelatedOthello The Moor Of Venice Essay1801 Words   |  8 PagesOthello, The Moor of Venice The play by William Shakespeare, Othello, The Moor of Venice, was staged for the first time in 1604, is defined as a tragedy, and Othello as a tragic hero. Othello is a tale of jealousy and revenge. The game takes place in Venice, while two friends, Roderigo and Iago, are discussing. Iago has unlucky news: Desdemona, a woman Roderigo hoping to get married to, has already married Othello, a Moorish General that leads the Republic of Venice Army troops, who married inRead More Othello, The Moor of Venice Essay examples1319 Words   |  6 PagesOthello, the Moor of Venice is one of the major tragedies written by William Shakespeare that follows the main character, Othello through his trials and tribulations. 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However he has some weaknesses such as insecurity; he is too open, naà ¯ve, and gullible, Iago plays on his weaknesses which brings about his downfall and he kills himself. This causes the suffering of innocent people like Desdemona, Emilia, Cassio and Roderigo. The audience also feel pity for Othello and thisRead MoreIago : The Master Manipulator1194 Words   |  5 PagesSkyler Lester ENG3UE Tipping December 12, 2015 Iago: The Master Manipulator Iago is known as one of the most well known characters in Shakespeare s Othello because of his interesting colourful dialogue, his unknown goals and motivations, and his ability to brainwash with words. It is certain that Iago has the ability to use his silver tongue to brainwash even the highest minds, but what is more important is the fact that he chooses to do this to benefit himself, and himself only. Iago is a classic