Breast Cancer Causes, Signs And Symptoms And Risk Factors

LITERATURE REVIEW INTRODUCTION: This section is going to review literature on overview of breast cancer, its causes, signs and symptoms and risk factors. It will also look at literature on screening methods of breast cancer, particularly mammogram. OVERVIEW OF BREAST CANCER According to Rodney et al (2003), breast cancer is the commonly occurring cancer in women, responsible for one third of all malignancies in females. It is said to be the second to lung cancer as a cause of cancer mortality and has been found to be the leading cause of death for American women between the ages of 40 and 55 years. It has been noted that the incidence of breast cancer is highest in North America and Northern Europe and lowest in Asia and Africa (Rodney et†¦show more content†¦(Galukande et al, 2010) In USA in the year 2015, 232 000 women were newly diagnosed with breast cancer and 40 000 women died of it. It has been also noted that the risk of breast cancer increases with age and women between the ages of 55 and 64 are most frequently diagnosed with breast cancer. The most common age of death for breast cancer is 68 years. (US preventive services task force, 2016.) Breast cancer represents 10% of all cancers diagnosed worldwide annually and constituted 22% of all new cancers in women in 2000 making it by far the most common cancer in women. CAUSES OF BREAST CANCER The causes of breast cancer are not understood thus making it a bit difficult to tell why people develop breast cancer. Age contributes in causing breast cancer and it is common amongst women over the age of 50 years who have gone through menopause. If you had close relatives that had breast cancer in the past then there are high chances that you develop breast cancer. Previous diagnosis of breast cancer is when you had breast cancer before and you were diagnosed, you have a high risk of developing breast cancer again either on your other breast or the same breast. Being obese or overweight may cause breast cancer because of the amount of oestrogen in the body. If you are taller than the average, you are likely to develop breast cancer because it may be caused by interactions between the genes and

Organizational Behavior Is Defined As A Social Science...

Organizational Behavior I Introduction Organizational behavior is defined as a social science discipline just like cultural anthropology, economics, political science, psychology and sociology. It uses the scientific method to establish the truth as well as to validate the different theories. It is also considered as a discipline that is related to other social sciences that has its origins historically has had its intellectual home in the business school and a new discipline that is related to other social sciences that has its origins during the mid of twentieth century. The main focus of the discipline is the world of organization with the connection or relation to the behavior and nature of the different people that are involved in an organization and the behavior and nature of the organization towards their environment. This study will focus on the two objectives of the organizational behavior which are the communication and innovation. It will also focus on its connection to the main or core concept o f the article Unlock Discretionary Effort. It will give emphasis on the application or connection of the two said objectives in the real world A. Motivation Motivation is considered as one of the most complex issues in organizational behavior. It is the process that helps to arouse as well as sustain the goal-directed behavior. Intentions, desires, needs as well as aspiration are the diverse terms that can be used toShow MoreRelatedOrganization Behavior Disciplines/ Ob Disciplines1764 Words   |  8 PagesAs with most sciences, there exists a basis in which it is developed. As in Organizational Behavior it is â€Å"the study of the structure and functioning of organizations and the behavior of groups and individuals within them† and â€Å"drawing primarily on the disciplines of sociology and psychology† (Warner, 1994), that present it as a science that has strong ties to other disciplines. The history of Organizational Behavior (OB) can be traced back to the Scientific Management approaches from the IndustrialRead MoreThe Diverse Nature of Psychology Paper951 Words   |  4 PagesPsychology Paper Psychology is a discipline that has extensive implications for other areas of science while simultaneously maintaining a narrow concern for the derivation of scientific knowledge about human and non-human behavior (Stanovich, 2010). This paper is concerned with the assessment of two sub-disciplines and sub-topics within psychology, theoretical perspective of the sub-disciplines, and the psychological contribution to society on the chosen sub-disciplines and sub- topics. Diversity onRead MoreThe Field Of Organizational Development1564 Words   |  7 PagesThe field of organizational development (OD) has a rich history of research and practice that is driven by a variety of business needs such as change management, leadership development, internal communications and business process re-engineering. OD has been, and arguably still is, the major approach to organizational change across the Western world, and is globally increasing. However, the ambiguity of the OD discipline is challenged with a posture to curve a standard definition. Richard BeckhardRead MoreWhat Is Ob 7927 Words   |  32 PagesChapter 1 What Is Organizational Behavior? MULTIPLE CHOICE Importance of Interpersonal Skills 1. Over the past two decades, business schools have added required courses on people skills to many of their curricula. Why have they done this? a. Managers no longer need technical skills in subjects such as economics and accounting to succeed. b. There is an increased emphasis in controlling employee behavior in the workplace. c. ManagersRead MoreOrganizational Behavior System in Jgtdsl, Bangladesh1499 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction: - Organizational Behavior (OB) is the study and application of knowledge about how people, individuals, and groups act in organizations. It does this by taking a system approach. That is, it interprets people-organization relationships in terms of the whole person, whole group, whole organization, and whole social system. Its purpose is to build better relationships by achieving human objectives, organizational objectives, and social objectives Elements of Organizational Behavior:- The organizationsRead MoreSchool of Thoughts in Psychology1604 Words   |  7 PagesMajor Schools of Thought in  Psychology When psychology was first established as a science separate from biology and philosophy, the debate over how to describe and explain the human mind and behavior began. The first school of thought, structuralism, was advocated by the founder of the first psychology lab, Wilhelm Wundt. Almost immediately, other theories began to emerge and vie for dominance in psychology. The following are some of the major schools of thought that have influenced our knowledgeRead MoreThe Role Of Meaningful Work On Work Motivation Theories1286 Words   |  6 Pages(salary, financial incentives), social status and fulfillment of needs. This had inspired organizational scholars to explore, what motivates one to work, leading to tremendous research on work motivation. Motivation theories can be classified through three predominant approaches (Chalofsky, 2003): 1. Content theories – These theories analyze the motives and underlying drivers of human behavior. It is based on the assumption that main intention behind human behavior is to satisfy the needs. 2. ReinforcementRead MoreManagement and Page Ref11976 Words   |  48 PagesOrganizational Behavior, 14e (Robbins/Judge) Chapter 1 What Is Organizational Behavior? 1) Which of the following is not a reason why business schools have begun to include classes on organizational behavior? A) to increase manager effectiveness in organizations B) to help organizations attract top quality employees C) to expand organizations consulting needs D) to improve retention of quality workers E) to help increase organizations profits Answer: C Explanation: Understanding human behaviorRead Moreâ€Å"Whatever Affects One Directly, Affects All Indirectly† Toxic workplaces is a systemic and1300 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Whatever Affects One Directly, Affects All Indirectly† Toxic workplaces is a systemic and systematic problem to an organizations sustainability. It is important that the leadership develop an organizational culture that does not tolerate aggression and behaviorally supports employees in dealing with it. It is imperative that leaders are equipped with the skills to appropriately access the environment , have the ethical temperament needed to take responsibility for the problem and the skill-setRead MorePublic Administration967 Words   |  4 Pagesand executive. It was originally a branch of political science, but public administration has developed into a field of study of its own during the 20th century, thanks in part to groundbreaking writings by early scholars in the field. These classic works laid the foundation for a new discipline that combines academic study with professional training for people interested in government careers. In public administration the organizational success largely depends on its structure and leadership

Critical Appraisal Evidence Based Practice

Question: Discuss about theCritical Appraisal for Evidence Based Practice. Answer: Research Problem: While analyzing the paper that had been provided to the readers by the researchers, they have depicted the inconsistency that is present in the modern day in the information regarding caregivers that experiences more stress while caring for their patient. Different studies have been conducted over many years which states that different relationship shared by the caregiver and the care user often acts as the main determining factor about the intensity of the stress that may affect them. Certain cases depict as the caregivers who provide care to older parents suffer from more mental health issues than caregivers who are spouses of the care users. Many other researches again sated that sibling care giving results in more mental health stability than if care giving is provided by parents to children. Again gender issues are high stating that women are more ambivalent to paying care giving than men. All these leads to a maze like situation where clear idea about which category of caregive rs faces the most metal and physical health related issue and hence the research problem was rightly identified by the researchers. If the research becomes successful, it would help to provide enough information to solve the issues in the field. Literature Review: While going through the background that is provided by the author, it can be noticed that the author had reviewed a large numbers of articles in order to gather information about the different works that had been conducted by different researchers over the years. He have pointed out the various opinions that thay gave got from their own researchers. Different relationships among different caregiver care user pairs have been researched and opinions have been provided by them which had failed to give a consistent information about the issue depicted. Some have pointed that when caregivers are parents they develop more pressure on mental health than when care givers are siblings. Some have depicted that when caregivers are spouse, there is lesser emotions stress than when caregivers are son or daughters caring for their parents. Different researches have argued and given an exactly opposite opinion of the spouse caregivers being less emotionally stable. Several opinions among differ cat egories like parent caregivers caring for children or adult children caregivers caring for parents have also been denoted. Therefore he had been extremely successful in establishing the gaps that is present in the present day regarding the different levels of stresses experienced by caregivers. However, a negative aspect that is noticed here is that the researchers have selected journal which are very old like he had selected paper of Lscher and Pillemer which had been published in the year 1998. Even many paper as old as 2001 and 2002 are also been selected by him. This is often not a proper method of reviewing because current articles like those after 2013 provided more recent works that had been conducted. Old papers often have views and ideas which have got obsolete and may have been challenged by other authors. Hence this is found to be a negative point. Another issue that must also be noted here that the review is found to be unbalanced as the the author had reviewed more pape rs on the relationship and very less paper on the criteria of gender. Effect of gender on the caring attitude and the development of mental strength have not been reviewed extensively although he had mentioned that works are less. However it would have been more balanced if he would have tried to review more gender based article of caregivers in this areas. Theoretical Framework: A theoretical framework can be found in the research papers where the authors had tried their best to establish the gaps that are present in the studies that have been conducted. They have reviewed articles to gather information which is existing and thereby have linked with the methodology that he had taken to collect data and thereby analyze it with proper statistical tools and models (van-Dyk, 2014). Therefore the author has been successful in properly framing his research and represents it to the readers. Aims and Objectives: The author had clearly mentioned the aim of the project. He stated the aim as he wanted to compare spousal care giving with that of the care giving provided by adult children, parents, siblings, other family members and also non family friends. He wanted to shed light on the different mental conditions that affect them along with the emotional well being which gets disrupted by care giving. Sample: The author had correctly mentioned about the sampling that he had performed. He had taken the help of secondary data resources that had been provided from the 2007 Canadian General Society survey Cycle 21 (GSS-21). He had undertaken telephonic interview and recorded interviews of about 6140 cases where assistance were provided b the caregivers in the 12 months and 34 cases were excluded due to inconsistent and missing information about dependent and independent variable. This sampling that had been conducted by GSS is a non-probability sampling where the authority conducted the interview with the population above 45 year old only that is they had clear depiction of the population that could help them and acted accordingly. The sample was of adequate size as it provided a large amount of data as the sample size was also very large. The exclusion criteria were clearly stated that houses with cellular phones were excluded and those with phones were also not taken into consideration. Pro per explanation for its exclusion is also provided which also states the background for exclusion. Ethical Considerations: No ethical considerations like maintain confidentiality, or proper preserving of data, taking utmost security concerns to prevent data linkage was not done which is a negative aspect (LoBiondo et al., 2014). Operational Definitions: They have not provided any operational definitions as separate criteria in a particular definite section. However difficult terms re explained within brackets and hence can be understood by the author. The paper lacks proper operation definitions. Methodology: They conducted an interview in the form of survey with restricted options for each of the questions which helped them to get complete information in every of the criteria, the researcher had done a very good work by completely dividing each of the questions into definite answers which would ultimately help him in preparing a regression study in order to reach his aim. He had divided the caregivers into a number of categories depending upon their relations, judged their age, employment , health status, physical and mental condition along with dividing each of the into both the gender. The researcher had effectively been able to investigate each and every arena that needed to be ventured and thereby had given a proper survey methodology for it (Mouraviev et al., 2016). They have used definite scales like the Likert scales and others which proved the authenticity of the survey. However data collection had been secondary and also pilot study was not done in this case. This however, will not be able to affect any other important areas so can be neglected. Data Analysis: Data analysis was mainly based in the most common model used for linear regression called the ordinary least square models. This model is excessively used in such kind of experiments because they are the most easiest while conducting statistical analysis and also provides a better scenario. The model was applied respectively to males and females that portrayed the best accurate approach possible. The researcher also tested for the significance of difference in order to reach an area where the independent variable of gender can be properly analyzed on its effect on care giving capability which is a very good approach for data analysis in statistics (LoBiondo-Wood et al., 2014). No errors and violations were also found when they assessed the key model assumptions thereby indicating them to be able to get fruitful results that they wanted. While conducting the data analysis, it is very interesting to see that the author had been highly successful in correlating each of the independent variables with the dependent variables and thereby giving an excellent report on it. Not only they have established that more number of caregivers are women in comparison to male and they suffer more health related stress than males in all cases except in marital relationships where stresses are equal for male and female. . They have also shown that most cases show the primary recipient to be parents, followed by non family members, then children and then spouse. Physical health was more affected in case of males whereas mental health was more affected in case of female care givers. These are only some examples and more such correlations have been established that gives us an idea about the research gaps that had been able to resolve with the procedure (Heyvert et al., 2013). Proper tables have been provided to make the readers understand the results more clearly and good effort has been undertaken by the researchers. Discussion: A detailed study has been provided and discussed by the author. It is indeed impressive about the way that he had linked up the information to give a proper overview of the objectives. The self reported stress is found to be high among older caregivers. Women tend to report poorer mental health than male. Lack of gender differences are found in middle and old caregivers for children and both the gender tend to be equally affected. The researcher have found out through multivariate regression models that stresses are greater for both male and female when caring of spouse and children than caring for parents, siblings and others. Reports have also suggested that stresses for parental care giving and also spouse care giving for females is high because of greater obligations to provide care and depending upon the nature of relationship they also have fewer options to resist the pressure. They have explained that their inclusion of the multiple relationship types have helped them to provide a wide overview of the stresses experienced by different caregivers. These had helped the readers to understand the the gradual rise of stress level according to the different relationship shared by different carer-care recipient pairs (Quigley et al., 2015). Limitations were also clearly depicted by the researchers showing the considerations that they have avoided which could have been the major reasons for the answer of the respondents that they provided like the living arrangements of the pairs, differences in residential propinquity. This had been just one example and similar limitations have been clearly noted by him as well. Thereby although strengths were not clearly analyzed, limitations have been depicted by them clearly. Recommendations although discussed but not in details only suggesting some gaps are still present which need to be overcome. They have also suggested dra wing a relation between the age, gender and also the perceived ambivalence directly that they did not include in their study. References: References are done in APA 6th edition correctly but the papers have been taken form old papers as old as 1995 which may provide data that had become obsolete (Souto et al., 2015). This is one negative aspect of the paper. References: Heyvaert, M., Hannes, K., Maes, B., Onghena, P. (2013). Critical appraisal of mixed methods studies.Journal of mixed methods research, 1558689813479449. LoBiondo-Wood, G., Haber, J. (2014).Nursing research: Methods and critical appraisal for evidence-based practice. Elsevier Health Sciences. LoBiondo-Wood, G., Haber, J., Cameron, C., Singh, M. (2014).Nursing research in Canada: Methods, critical appraisal, and utilization. Elsevier Health Sciences. Logie, C., Bogo, M., Regehr, C., Regehr, G. (2013). A critical appraisal of the use of standardized client simulations in social work education.Journal of Social Work Education,49(1), 66-80. Mouraviev, N., Mouraviev, N., Kakabadse, N. K., Kakabadse, N. K. (2016). Conceptualising public-private partnerships: a critical appraisal of approaches to meanings and forms.Society and Business Review,11(2), 155-173. Quigley, J. M., Thompson, J. C., Halfpenny, N. J., Scott, D. A. (2015). Critical Appraisal Of Real World EvidenceA Review Of Recommended And Commonly Used Tools.Value in Health,18(7), A684. Souto, R. Q., Khanassov, V., Hong, Q. N., Bush, P. L., Vedel, I., Pluye, P. (2015). Systematic mixed studies reviews: updating results on the reliability and efficiency of the mixed methods appraisal tool.International Journal of Nursing Studies,52(1), 500-501. van Dyk, S. (2014). The appraisal of difference: Critical gerontology and the active-ageing-paradigm.Journal of aging studies,31, 93-103.